Calypso music was the driving force for Carnivals in Trinidad and Tobago (Soca music now has that honor). Trinidad and Tobago is credited with the 'origin' and evolution of Calypso music as we know it today.
“Iron Duke in the Land” is considered the first recorded calypso in English (recorded in 1914). Earlier calypsos were sung in patois. “Iron Duke in the Land” is a calypso by Henry Julian (a.k.a. Julian Whiterose) in which he boasts about roles he portrayed in the White Rose Social Union (his masquerade band) in the 1890s when he was instrumental in developing fancy masquerade bands.
“Iron Duke in the Land” is considered the first recorded calypso in English (recorded in 1914). Earlier calypsos were sung in patois. “Iron Duke in the Land” is a calypso by Henry Julian (a.k.a. Julian Whiterose) in which he boasts about roles he portrayed in the White Rose Social Union (his masquerade band) in the 1890s when he was instrumental in developing fancy masquerade bands.
During that period the musical style was called Cariso. The term “calypso” evolved later at the turn of the nineteenth century. This title “Iron Duke in the Land,” is the only title of Whiterose’s recordings known to exist. Julian also performed under the names J. White Rose, Henry Julian, and J. Resigna.
credit: TUCO
"The Real Calypso" is the story of Calypso that was birthed on the island of Trinidad during the formative years of the colony. This page should help with some of the facts that you should know about Trinidad and Tobago's Calypso music!
We continue to read about how the art form of calypso developed over the years. Trinidad and Tobago is a very unique society and many have tried to take away from our accomplishments. However, the truth can be found in many recorded historical data which can and will be disputed but never refuted.
"In many islands of the Caribbean, there are calypso-like songs -- e. g., the shanto of British Guiana, the plena of Puerto Rico, and the mento of Jamaica -- but the calypso of Trinidad and Tobago, called cariso by Atilla (Raymond Quevedo), stands apart on its own because of characteristics peculiar to itself. Among these traits are: the "halftone"
(strong syncopation) in its rhythmic system, the topicality, its tendency to satirize upon every conceivable subject, its allusion and open picong, and itsdouble entendre."
If you want to know the real story then go to the link below to learn about "The Real Calypso". The link takes you to to the Smithsonialfolkways.org webpage for a very informative and revealing read. The story begins in Trinidad and that is something that many individuals are attempting to distort with stories about Calypso 'erupting all over the Caribbean region during the days of slavery. Obviously they have confused folk songs with the style that became known as Calypso!
I have posted some of the dates of interest for Trinidad's Calypso music. Just take a look at the dates below (Did you know the following) with special reference to the facts presented about the first instrumental and first vocal recordings of calypso. These are important dates and, I am certain, you will appreciate the fact that Trinidad is really "the well" from which calypso sprung and blossomed to what it is today.
This blog has presented a list of calypso monarch winners and additionally, we add another important lists - Leggos and Road March winners. In continuing with the presentation of historical data we list the winners of the famous 'Road March Competition' as it relates to Trinidad and Tobago for what was known as 'Leggos' and now called 'Road March'.
Did you know the following:
- Calypsos were first sung in French Creole then a mix of Patois and English
- The Rhythm of Calypso (beat) is done in 2/4, 4/4 time (see "Meter" at this link for an explanation of Rhythm (beats in the music)
- First ever Calypso instrumental recording was done in 1912 by Lovey's orchestra.
- First ever vocal Calypso recording was made in 1914 when the "Duke of Iron" teamed up with Jules Sims.
- First ever Calypso tent opened in Port-of-Spain in 1921 was the "Railway Douglas Tent".
- First ever female to sing in a calypso tent was "Lady Trinidad" in 1935.
- First ever female Calypsonian to cut a record was "Lady Trinidad" in 1937.
- First ever "Young Brigade Tent" opened in 1947 by 24 year-old Lord Kitchener, featuring Lord Melody, Mighty Spoiler, Mighty Viking.
Calypso Monarch Competition Winners
If you always wanted to have a list of the Calypso Monarchs of Trinidad and Tobago and had difficulty locating the information then help is here! If anyone has information to add to list please leave a comment or send an email to ananda2456@gmail.com. The record shows that both Sparrow and Chalkdust won the crown eight (8) times followed by Stalin with 5 victories, Duke and Cro Cro with 4, Lord Melody with 3 victories, Atilla the Hun, Striker, Spoiler, Singing Sandra, Sugar Aloes and Luta with 2 wins each. Then we have the rest with one victory each.
Sparrow: 1956, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1972, 1973, 1974 and 1992
Chalkdust: 1976, 1977, 1981, 1989, 1993, 2004, 2005and 2009
Please check the list for the information that you desire - it is an interesting list but please note that the first year listed is 1939. If anyone has information about the start of this competition I would be happy to post it on this blog. Apparently 1939 is the first year of the Calypso Monarch Competition and the Growling Tiger (Neville Marcano) won the competition with a song entitled "The Labour Situation in Trinidad And Tobago." (Wikipedia).
1939 - Growling Tiger (The Labour Situation in Trinidad And Tobago)
1940 - Roaring Lion (Rise And Fall Of The British Empire)
1941 - Mighty Destroyer (Adolf Hitler)
1942 - No Carnival No Carnival
1943 - No Carnival No Carnival
1944 - No Carnival No Carnival
1945 - No Carnival No Carnival
1946 - Attila The Hun (Mail Report)
1947 - Attila The Hun (Million Dollar Jail)
1948 - Mighty Spoiler (Royal Wedding)
1949 - Lord Melody (Glory Mama Glory)
1950 - No Competition
1951 - Lord Melody (Jonah and The Bake)
1952 - No Competition
1953 - Spoiler (Bed Bug)
1954 - Melody (Second Spring)
1955 - Spoiler (Pick Sense Out of Nonsense)
1956 - Sparrow (Jean and Dinah)
1957 - Pretender (Que Sera Sera)
1958 - Striker (Don't Blame the PNM/Cant Find A Job To Suit Me)
1959 - Striker (Ban the Hoola Hoop/Comparison)
1960 - Sparrow (Ten to One is Murder/Mae Mae)
1961 - Dougla (Lazy Man/Split Me in Two)
1962 - Sparrow (Sparrow Come Back Home/Federation)
1963 - Sparrow (Dan is the Man/Kennedy)
1964 - Bomber (Joan and James/Bomber's Dream)
1965 - Sniper (Portrait of Trinidad/More Production)
1966 - Terror (Pan Jamboree/Last Year's Happiness)
1967 - Cypher (Last Elections/If the Priest Could Play)
1968 - Duke (What is Calypso/Social Bacchanal)
1969 - Duke (Black is Beautiful/One Foot Visina)
1970 - Duke (Brotherhood of Man/See Through)
1971 - Duke (Mathematical Formula/Melvine & Yvonne)
1972 - Sparrow (Drunk and Disorderly/Rope)
1973 - Sparrow (School Days/Same Time, Same Place)
1974 - Sparrow (We Pass That Stage/Miss Mary)
1975 - Kitchener (Tribute to Spree Simon/Fever)
1976 - Chalkdust (Three Blind Mice/Ah Put on Meh Guns Again)
1977 - Chalkdust (Juba Dubai/Shango Vision)
1978 - Calypso Rose (Her Majesty/I Thank Thee)
1979 - Black Stalin (Caribbean Unity/Play One)
1980 - Relator (Food Prices/Take a Rest)
1981 - Chalkdust (Ah Can't Make/Things That Worry Me)
1982 - Scrunter (Lick-e-Thing/The Will)
1983 - Crusoe (Don't Cry Now/South Africa)
1984 - Penguin (We Living in Jail/Soft Man)
1985 - Black Stalin (Isms Schisms/Wait Dorothy)
1986 - David Rudder (The Hammer/Bahia Girl)
1987 - Black Stalin (Mr. Pan Maker/Burn Dem)
1988 - Cro Cro (Three Bo Rats/Corruption in Common Entrance)
1989 - Chalkdust (Chauffeur Wanted/Carnival is The Answer)
1990 - Cro Cro (Political Dictionary/Party)
1991 - Black Stalin (Bright Side/Ah Feeling to Party)
1992 - Sparrow (Both of Them/Survival or Man will survive) (second song correction by Jeron Josep)
1993 - Chalkdust (Kaiso in de Hospital/Misconceptions)
1994 - Luta; Delamo (tie) (Good Driving, Licensed Firearm / Trinity Is Meh Name,
Not Going Down D'Road)
Not Going Down D'Road)
1995 - Black Stalin (In Times/Sundar Popo)
1996 - Cro Cro (Dey Look for Dat/Support Commentary Calypso)
1997 - Gypsy (Little Black Boy/Rhythm of the Nation)
1998 - Mystic Prowler (Look Beneath The Surface/Vision of TnT in the Year 2010)
1999 - Singing Sandra (Song for Healing/Voices From The Ghetto)
2000 - Shadow (What's Wrong With Me/Scratch Meh Back)
2001 - Denyse Plummer (Nah Leaving/Heroes)
2002 - Sugar Aloes (Contribution, Jubilation)
2003 - Singing Sandra (Who The Bell Tolls, Ancient Rhythms)
2004 - Dr. Hollis Liverpool aka Chalkdust (Cro Cro for Sale, Trinidad in Cemetary)
2005 - Dr. Hollis Liverpool aka Chalkdust (I in Town Too Long, Ah Doh Rhyme)
2006 - Luta (Check The Foundation, Kaiso Kaiso)
2007 - Cro Cro (Nobody Eh Go Know)
2008 - Sugar Aloes (Reflections)
2009 - Dr. Hollis Liverpool aka Chalkdust (Ah Not In Dat)
2010 - Kurt Allen (Too Bright)
2011 - Karen Asche (Be Careful What Yuh Ask For & Uncle Jack)
2012 - Duane O'Connor - The Hunt is On, Long Live Calypso
2013 - Eric Taylar (Pink Panther) - Travel Woes, Crying In The Chapel
2014 - Roderick "Chucky" Gordon - Wey Yuh Think; Wedding of the Century (Shaddi)
2015 - Roderick "Chucky" Gordon - Song #1. The Rose; Song #2 . I Believe
2016 - Devon Seale - Song #1 Respect God's Voice. Song #2 The Spirit of Carnival
2017 - Dr. Hollis Liverpool aka Chalkdust - Learn From Arithmetic
2011 - Karen Asche (Be Careful What Yuh Ask For & Uncle Jack)
2012 - Duane O'Connor - The Hunt is On, Long Live Calypso
2013 - Eric Taylar (Pink Panther) - Travel Woes, Crying In The Chapel
2014 - Roderick "Chucky" Gordon - Wey Yuh Think; Wedding of the Century (Shaddi)
2015 - Roderick "Chucky" Gordon - Song #1. The Rose; Song #2 . I Believe
2016 - Devon Seale - Song #1 Respect God's Voice. Song #2 The Spirit of Carnival
2017 - Dr. Hollis Liverpool aka Chalkdust - Learn From Arithmetic
Information for this post was obtained from several sites including Wikipedia, Toronto Lime and Island Mix up to and including 2009.
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Top 100 Calypsos of the 20th Century
Rank|Tune & Singer
- Progress - King Austin (Austin Lewis) 1980
- Portrait of Trinidad - Mighty Sniper (Mervyn Hodge) 1965
- Jean and Dinah - Mighty Sparrow (Slinger Francisco) 1956
- Bassman - Mighty Shadow (Winston Bailey) 1974
- Fire in Your Wire - Calypso Rose (McArthur Lewis) 1967
- High Mas - David Rudder (David Rudder) 1998
- Dan is the Man - Mighty Sparrow (Slinger Francisco) 1963
- Maria - Lord Blakie (Carlton Joseph) 1962
- If the Priest Could Play - Mighty Cypher (Dillary B Scott) 1967
- The Sinking Ship - Gypsy (Winston Peters) 1986
- Jahaji Bhai - Brother Marvin (Selwyn Demming) 1996
- God Bless Our Nation - Lord Baker (Kent King) 1967
- Rainorama - Lord Kitchener (Aldwyn Roberts) 1973
- Steel Band Clash - Lord Blakie (Carlton Joseph) 1954
- The Road - Lord Kitchener (Aldwyn Roberts) 1963
- Yankee Dollar (Rum and Coca Cola) - Lord Invader (Rupert Grant) 1946
- Mama Look A Boo Boo - Lord Melody (Fitzroy Alexander) 1956
- Lazy Man - Mighty Dougla (Clatis Ali) 1961
- Caribbean Unity - Black Stalin (Leroy Calliste) 1979
- The Slave - Mighty Sparrow (Slinger Francisco) 1963
- Child Training - Mighty Composer (Fred Mitchell) 1969
- Love in the Cemetery - Lord Kitchener (Aldwyn Roberts) 1963
- Matilda - King Radio (Norman Span) 1938
- Little Black Boy - Gypsy (Winston Peters) 1997
- Federation - Mighty Sparrow (Slinger Francisco) 1962
- Burn Dem - Black Stalin (Leroy Calliste) 1987
- Ice Man (aka Ice Ice) - Lord Melody (Fitzroy Alexander) 1960
- Rich Man Poor Man - Lord Brynner (Kade Simon) 1960
- Um Ba Yao - Merchant (Dennis F. Williams) 1978
- La La - Lord Nelson (Robert Nelson) 1976
- Nature's Plan - Johnny King (Johnston King) 1984
- Poverty is Hell - Shadow (Winston Bailey) 1994
- The Will - Scrunter (Owen Reyes Johnson) 1982
- Tourist Leggo - Short Shirt ( Emmanuel McLean ) 1976/7
- Trouble in Arima - Lord Kitchener (Aldwyn Roberts) 1954
- Ten to One is Murder - Mighty Sparrow (Slinger Francisco) 1960
- Lorraine - Explainer (Winston Henry) 1982
- Ganges and the Nile - David Rudder (David Rudder) 1999
- Come Leh We Go Sookie - King Fighter (Shurland Wilson) 1964
- Dustbin Cover - Crazy (Edwin Ayoung) 1978
- Joan and James (aka Five Little Popos) - Mighty Bomber (Clifton Ryan) 1964
- Life is A Stage - Brother Valentino (Emrold Phillips) 1972
- Mama Dis is Mas - Lord Kitchener (Aldwyn Roberts) 1964
- Pan Talent - Mighty Terror (Fitzgerald Henry) 1965
- For Cane - Gypsy (Winston Peters) 1972
- Mary Anne - Roaring Lion (Raphael De Leon) 1946
- Severe Licking - Baron (Timothy Watkins) 1971
- Watch Out My Children - Ras Shorty I (Garfield Blackman) 1989
- Split Me in Two - Mighty Dougla (Clatis Ali) 1961
- Ras Mas - Explainer (Winston Henry) 1981
- My Pussin - Lord Kitchener (Aldwyn Roberts) 1965
- Mama Popo - Brigo (Samuel Abraham) 1960s?
- Black is Beautiful - Duke (Kelvin Pope) 1969
- Money is King - Growling Tiger (Neville Marcano) 1935
- Juba Dubai - Chalkdust (Hollis Liverpool) 1977
- A Mother's Love - Destroyer (Donald Glasgow) 1941
- Too Much Man Family - Mighty Zandolie (Sylvester Anthony) 1967
- King Liar - Lord Nelson (Robert Nelson) 1977
- Melda (Obeah Wedding) - Mighty Sparrow (Slinger Francisco) 1966
- The Mecca - Brother Mudada (Alan Fortune) 1987
- Mr. Walker - Mighty Sparrow (Slinger Francisco) 1968
- The Bedbug - Mighty Spoiler (Theophilus Phillip) 1953
- Congo Man - Mighty Sparrow (Slinger Francisco) 1965/1989
- Pan in A Minor - Lord Kitchener (Aldwyn Roberts) 1987
- Education - Mighty Sparrow (Slinger Francisco) 1967
- People Will Talk - King Fighter (Shurland Wilson) 1962
- Flag Woman - Lord Kitchener (Aldwyn Roberts) 1976
- Gavaskar - Relator (Willard Harris) 1972
- Soca Baptist - Blueboy ( Austin Lyons ) 1980
- Steel and Brass - King Wellington (Wellington Quashi) 1973
- Norman - Merchant (Dennis F. Williams) 1978
- Indrani - Lord Shorty (Garfield Blackman) 1972
- Never Ever Worry - Lord Pretender (Alric Farrell) 1962
- Is Thunder - Duke (Kelvin Pope) 1987
- Run the Gunslingers - Lord Caruso (Emmanuel Pierre) 1959
- Papa Chunks - Roaring Lion (Raphael De Leon) 1941/1995
- Scrunting Calypsonian - Trinidad Rio (Daniel Brown) 1978
- Supposing - Mighty Composer (Fred Mitchell) 1964
- Pan in Danger - Merchant (Dennis F. Williams) 1985
- The Bionic Man - Maestro (Cecil Hume) 1977
- What is Calypso? - Mighty Duke (Kelvin Pope) 1968
- Voices From the Ghetto - Singing Sandra (Sandra De Vignes) 1999
- The Graf Zeppelin - Atilla the Hun (Raymond Quevedo) 1934
- The Five Rules of Calypso - Mighty Fearless (Mikey Hamit) 1966
- Santa - King Solomon (Samuel Ryan) 1961
- Miss Tourist - Lord Kitchener (Aldwyn Roberts) 1968
- The Outcast - Mighty Sparrow (Slinger Francisco) 1963
- Women and Money - Mighty Conqueror (Leroy Paul) 1962
- Brown Skin Girl - King Radio (Norman Span) 1933
- Die with My Dignity - Singing Sandra (Sandra De Vignes) 1987
- Black Man Come to Party - Black Stalin (Leroy Calliste) 1991
- Ma and Pa - Lord Creator (Kenrick Patrick) 1965
- Obey the Highway Code - Magic (A. Rampersad) 1960s?
- Never Hang Your Hat - Lord Cristo (Christopher Laidlow) 1967
- Chinese Children - Mighty Terror (Fitzgerald Henry) 1950
- May May - Mighty Sparrow (Slinger Francisco) 1960
- Raycan - Lord Shortshirt (Hector Emmanuel) 1977
- Soul Chick - Funny (Donric Williamson) 1973
- Don't Interfere - The Hawk (Kenneth Haywood) 1961
- Woman on the Bass - Scrunter (Owen Reyes Johnson) 1980
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Trinidad Roadmarch Winners
The following post is a reprint from the Blog Santiwah. Some of the dates in the post date to an earlier period in the history of the Road March competition. The winning songs played by the bands from 1932 up until 1961 were called "Leggos" (Break Away). From 1962 the competition became 'officially entrenched' in the Carnival scene and was given the name "Road March"(current name).
The real names of the Calypsonians here were sourced from TUCO and added to this listing to ensure 'full disclosure' with the listing. Thanks to TUCO and their research for listing the official names of the singers. The names were added here as a public service!
The real names of the Calypsonians here were sourced from TUCO and added to this listing to ensure 'full disclosure' with the listing. Thanks to TUCO and their research for listing the official names of the singers. The names were added here as a public service!
From 1932 to 1961 there was no official Road March Competition! The official competition was sanctioned in 1962! The video at the end of this listing was sourced from YouTube and is presented for your listening pleasure by "IsDePanInMe". You can now listen to a selection of these winning calypsos!
1932 Norman Spann aka King Radio Tiger Tom Play Tiger Cat
1933 Norman Spann aka King Radio Wash Pan Wash1934 Clatis Ali aka Dougla After Johnny Drink Me Rum
1935 Rafael Cairi Llama De Leon aka Roaring Lion Dingolay Oy
1936 Rafael Cairi Llama De Leon aka Roaring Lion Advantage Could Never Done
1937 Rafael Cairi Llama De Leon aka Roaring Lion Netty Netty
1938 Rafael Cairi Llama De Leon aka Roaring Lion No Norah Darling
1939 Norman Spann aka King Radio Mathilda
1940 Egbert Moore aka Beginner Run Yuh Run
1941 Rafael Cairi Llama De Leon aka Roaring Lion Whoopsin, Whoopsin
1942 No Carnival No Carnival
1943 No Carnival No Carnival
1944 No Carnival No Carnival
1945 No Carnival No Carnival
1946 Aldwyn Roberts aka Lord Kitchener Jump in the line or "Lai Fook Lee" (as played by steelbands)1947 Andrew Bernard aka King Pharoah King Pharoah
1948 Fitzroy Alexander aka Lord Melody Canaan Barrow
1949 Victor Atwell aka Wonder Ramgoat Baptism
1950 Cephas Alexander aka Killer In a Calabash
1951 Fitzgerald Henry aka Terror Tiny Davis
1952 Carlton Gomes aka Spit Fire Post Post
1953 Carlton Gomes aka Spit Fire Bow Wow Wow
1954 Carlton Joseph aka Blakie Steel Band Clash
1955 German Composition made popular by BBC radio UK 1953/1954 Happy Wonderer (Valerie Valera)
1956 Slinger Francisco aka "The Mighty Sparrow" Jean and Dinah
1957 Carlton Gomes aka Spitfire PNM
1958 Slinger Francisco aka "The Mighty Sparrow" Pay As You Earn
1959 Caruso Run the Gunslingers
1960 Slinger Francisco aka "The Mighty Sparrow" Mae Mae
1961 Slinger Francisco aka "The Mighty Sparrow" Royal Jail
1962 Blakie Maria (This song was the 'First official Road March Winner')
1963 Aldwyn Roberts aka Lord Kitchener The Road
1964 Aldwyn Roberts aka Lord Kitchener This Is Mas
1965 Aldwyn Roberts aka Lord Kitchener My Pussin
1966 Slinger Francisco aka "The Mighty Sparrow" Obeah Wedding
1967 Aldwyn Roberts aka Lord Kitchener Sixty Seven
1968 Aldwyn Roberts aka Lord Kitchener Miss Tourist
1969 Slinger Francisco aka "The Mighty Sparrow" Sa Sa Yae
1970 Aldwyn Roberts aka Lord Kitchener Margie
1971 Aldwyn Roberts aka Lord Kitchener Madison Square
1972 Slinger Francisco aka "The Mighty Sparrow" Drunk and Disorderly
1973 Aldwyn Roberts aka Lord Kitchener Rainorama
1974 Winston Bailey aka "Shadow" Bass Man
1975 Aldwyn Roberts aka Lord Kitchener Tribute to Spree Simon
1976 Aldwyn Roberts aka Lord Kitchener Flag Woman
1977 McArthur Lewis aka Calypso Rose Tempo
1978 McArthur Lewis aka Calypso Rose Soca Jam
1979 Sylvester Lockhart aka Poser Ah Tell She
1980 Austin Lyons aka Blue Boy/Super Blue Soca Baptist
1981 Austin Lyons aka Blue Boy/Super Blue Ethel
1982 Seadley Joseph akaPenguin Deputy
1983 Austin Lyons aka Blue Boy/Super Blue Rebecca
1984 Slinger Francisco aka "The Mighty Sparrow" Doh Back Back
1985 Edwin Ayoung aka Crazy Soucoyant
1986 David Rudder Bahia Girl
1987 Kelvin Pope aka Duke Thunder
1988 Christopher Herbert aka Tambu This Party Is It
1989 Christopher Herbert aka Tambu Free Up
1990 Christopher Herbert aka Tambu We Ain?t Going Home
1991 Austin Lyons aka Blue Boy/Super Blue Get Something and Wave
1992 Austin Lyons aka Blue Boy/Super Blue Jab Jab
1993 Austin Lyons aka Blue Boy/Super Blue Bacchanal Time
1994 Barnett Henry aka Preacher Jump and Wave
1995 Austin Lyons aka Blue Boy/Super Blue Signal To Lara
1996 Nigel Lewis Movin
1997 Machel Montano Big Truck
1998 Wayne Rodriguez Footsteps
1999 Sanell Dempster River
2000 Austin Lyons aka Blue Boy/Super Blue| Neil Iwer George (Tie) Pump Up|Carnival Come Back Again
2001 Winston Bailey aka Shadow Stranger
2002 Naya George Trinidad
2003 Faye-Ann Lyons Display
2004 Shurwayne Winchester De Band Coming
2005 Shurwayne Winchester Dead or Alive
2006 Machel Montano and Patrice Roberts Band of the Year
2007 Machel Montano Jumbie
2008 Faye Ann Lyons Alvarez Get on
2009 Faye Ann Lyons Alvarez "Meet Super Blue"
2010 JW and Blaze Palance
The listed information was sourced from various Internet sites (and my limited knowledge) with the bulk of the list coming from www.westindianculture.com.
2011 - Machel Montano HD - Advantage
2012 - Machel Montano - Pump Yuh Flag
2013 - Austin Lyons aka Blue Boy/Super Blue - Fantastic Friday
2014 - Machel Montano HD - MOR (Ministry of Road)
2015 - Machel "Monk Monte" Montano - Like Ah Boss
2016 - Machel Montano - Waiting on the Stage
2017 - Ultimate Rejects ft. MX Prime - Full Extreme
